土壤有机碳对沼渣或牛粪施用后温室气体排放潜力的影响—盆栽试验结果

A change in the European Union energy policy has markedly promoted the expansion of biogas production.Consequently,large amounts of nutrient-rich residues are being used as organic fertilizers.In this study,a pot experiment was conducted to simulate the high-risk situation of enhanced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions following organic fertilizer application in energy maize cultivation.We hypothesized that cattle slurry application enhanced CO2 and N2O fluxes compared to biogas digestate because of the overall higher carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) input,and that higher levels of CO2 and N2O emissions could be expected by increasing soil organic C (SOC) and N contents.Biogas digestate and cattle slurry,at a rate of 150 kg NH4+-N ha-1,were incorporated into 3 soil types with low,medium,and high SOC contents (Cambisol,Mollic Gleysol,and Sapric Histosol,termed Clow,Cmedium,and Chigh,respectively).The GHG exchange (CO2,CH4,and N2O) was measured on 5 replicates over a period of 22 d using the closed chamber technique.The application of cattle slurry resulted in significantly higher CO2 and N2O fluxes compared to the application of biogas digestate.No differences were observed in CH4 exchange,which was close to zero for all treatments.Significantly higher CO2 emissions were observed in Chigh compared to the other two soil types,whereas the highest N2O emissions were observed in Cmedium.Thus,the results demonstrate the importance of soil type-adapted fertilization with respect to changing soil physical and environmental conditions.     

颗粒肥料质量流量传感器设计与试验

变量施肥具有提高肥料利用率、保护生态环境、节约农业生产成本等优点，但目前还没有得到广泛的应用，除了难以获得变量施肥的处方图之外，缺乏闭环检测也是原因之一。闭环控制是实现变量施肥的关键之一，与间接测量排肥轴的转速相比，实时检测肥料的质量流量更为准确。本文基于静电感应原理，设计了一种颗粒肥料质量流量传感器。由于颗粒肥料之间、颗粒肥料与空气、颗粒肥料与排肥管之间的摩擦和碰撞，颗粒肥料会携带一定量的电荷，因此本研究设计了环形电极来检测电荷强度，并利用电流放大电路输出感应电流。通过标定质量流量与感应电流的关系，获得了实时的肥料质量流量。搭建试验台对该颗粒肥料质量流量传感器进行检测，试验台主要包括动态信号采集系统、肥料箱、电流放大器和环形电极传感器。以大颗粒尿素（CO(NH2)2）、过磷酸钙（Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O）和氯化钾（KCl）为研究对象，其平均容重分别为0.7、1.2、1.1g/cm3。根据施肥装置的物理参数，通过调整排肥轴转速可获得近似的目标质量流量，目标质量流量的范围是3~15g/s，增量为1g/s。对于每个质量流量，进行了4次重复。每次重复30s，施肥装置与信号采集系统同时启动。利用平均感应电流和平均质量流量建立回归方程，采用插值法得到实时质量流量。随后，对每种肥料进行25次试验，从而检验本文中颗粒肥料质量流量传感器的测量精度，每次试验的目标质量流量由5个随机质量流量组成，每个质量流量下持续排肥6s，用天平称量30s内的实际质量，通过积分质量流量和时间曲线计算检测质量。采用SPSS 22.0软件对试验结果进行统计分析，分析表明，大颗粒尿素、过磷酸钙、氯化钾的检测误差分别为3.9%、5.1%、5.9%，相应的标准差分别为5.21、7.98、11.29。检测质量与实际质量无显著性差异（P>0.1），大颗粒尿素、过磷酸钙和氯化钾检测误差的数学期望值分别为3.74%、4.93%、5.22%。本文的研究结果表明，检测误差随颗粒肥料粒径的减小而增大。     

One-time fertilization at first flowering improves lint yield and dry matter partitioning in late planted short-season cotton

Cotton producers have substantially reduced their inputs(labor, nutrients, and management) mainly by adopting a shortseason cropping management that is characterized by late sowing, high density, and reduced fertilization with one-time application at the first bloom stage without lint yield reduction. However, it has been hypothesized that one-time fertilization at an earlier growth stage could be a more effective and economic management practice. A two-year field experiment was conducted by applying five fertilizer one-time fertilization at 0(FT1), 5(FT2), 10(FT3), 15(FT4), and 20(FT5) days after the first flower appeared in the field and one three-split fertilizer application taken as the conventional control(FT6), making six treatments altogether. Cotton growth period, biomass accumulation, yield, and its formation were quantified. The results showed that the one-time fertilization did not affect the cotton growth progress as compared to FT6, however, the total crop cycles for FT3–FT5 were 3 days shorter. FT1 produced the highest cotton lint yield(1 396 kg ha–1), which was similar to the FT6 but higher than the other treatments, and could be attributed to more bolls per unit area and higher lint percentage. Cotton yield was positively correlated with cotton plant biomass accumulated. FT1 had both the highest average(VT)(193.7 kg ha–1 d–1) and the highest maximum(VM)(220.9 kg ha–1 d–1) rates during the fast biomass accumulation period. These results suggest that one-time fertilizer application at the first flower stage might be an adjustment that is more effective than at first bloom, and allowed for easier decision making for application date due to non counting of plants with flowers is needed.     

花期前后高温对玉米花粉发育及结实率的影响

为明确花期不同梯度高温对玉米开花特性和花粉活力的影响,以热敏感基因型玉米品种‘驻玉309’为试验材料,于花期(吐丝前8d～吐丝后8d)进行不同程度高温(31、34和37℃)处理,测定受精结实率、雄穗性状、开花时间、花粉活力及花粉超显微结构,分析生育期前后的高温对受精结实、开花特性及花粉活力的影响。结果表明,花期高温胁迫显著降低玉米受精结实率,对抽雄吐丝间隔期无显著影响,但盛花期提前;极端高温则导致玉米抽雄期显著提前、开花期和盛花期延后,抽雄吐丝间隔期延长;花期高温使花粉粒形态皱缩、萌发孔内陷,显著降低花粉活力,且温度越高,花粉活力降低幅度越大。因此,花期前后高温通过影响玉米影响雄穗开花特性、延长抽雄吐丝间隔期、影响花粉粒形态、降低花粉活力,从而降低玉米的小花受精率和籽粒结实率。     

华北薏苡新品种‘太空I号’产量构成及最佳施肥配方的研究

为解析适宜华北种植的薏苡优良品种的产量构成,以薏苡早熟高产新品种‘太空I号’为研究对象,通过分蘖数、穗着粒数等主要农艺性状与产量的相关性分析、通径分析和主成分分析及‘太空I号’最佳施肥配方,解析薏苡高产构成。结果表明:1)相关分析显示,株高、总节数、单株穗数和分蘖数与薏苡高产最相关;2)通径分析显示,单株穗数、分蘖数和穗着粒数对薏苡高产的贡献最高;3)主成分分析显示,‘太空I号’的高产构成主要由单株穗数多、分蘖数多、穗着粒数和百粒重适中组成;4)最适于‘太空I号’的施肥配方为氮肥15kg/667 m~2、磷肥50kg/667m~2和钾肥20kg/667m~2,在北京地区的单产可达280kg/667m~2以上。综上所述,‘太空I号’单株穗数多、分蘖数多、穗着粒数和百粒重适中、早熟高产,是适合中国华北种植的优良薏苡品种。     

基质深度及基质袋摆放方式对春季袋培番茄产量、品质和养分吸收的影响

为探究不同栽培深度基质和基质袋摆放对春季袋培番茄产量、品质、养分吸收和基质养分利用率的影响,以‘巴宝丽’番茄为试材,设置不同基质深度(7.5、10.5和13.5cm)及基质袋不同摆放方式(地面摆放和地面下沉20cm),共6个处理,测定了番茄的生长发育、产量、品质和养分吸收等指标。结果表明:栽培基质深度对产量、果实品质均有显著影响;基质袋摆放方式对产量影响不显著,但显著影响果实可溶性蛋白、番茄红素、硝酸盐和有机酸含量;基质深度和基质袋摆放方式对果实硝酸盐含量的影响有显著的交互作用。随着栽培基质深度的增加,产量显著提高,品质明显改善;基质深度13.5cm时,番茄单株产量最高,达3.83kg/株。基质袋摆放方式和基质深度对番茄开花期、初果期及盛果期P和K的累积吸收影响显著,基质深度对番茄开花期、初果期和盛果期N的吸收也有显著影响,基质深度和基质袋摆放方式对开花期和初果期番茄植株N、P和K的累积吸收存在显著的交互作用。基质内N、P和K养分利用率均是基质深度为13.5cm的处理最高,且不同基质袋摆放方式对基质养分利用率无显著影响。综上,为实现省工省力且高产优质载培,在实际生产中推荐将春季栽培番茄的基质深度设置为13.5cm(即基质供应量为9L/株)且地面摆放。     

开沟起垄措施对植烟土壤和烟叶产值的影响

为探明烟稻轮作制度下,烟田起垄开沟对植烟土壤化学性质及烟株生长、产质量等影响,以稻茬烟田为试验平台,设置2个开沟深度[A1：浅沟（垄间开沟15cm）;A2：深沟（垄间开沟25cm）]和2个起垄时间[B1：移栽前10d起垄（常规起垄）;B2：翻耕后起垄],于2018年取样,系统分析不同处理对土壤pH、主要养分含量和烟株农艺性状、干物质积累及经济性状的影响。研究结果表明,烟株各个主要生育时期深沟+翻耕后起垄处理（A2B2）的有效叶片数、烟叶最大叶长、叶宽和株高均优于其他处理;且该处理能有效改善土壤速效养分含量,土壤pH处于优质烤烟生产要求范围;同时烟株物质生产能力强,干物质积累多,在各器官间分配合理;烤烟经济性状也表现为该处理的烟叶产量、产值及上等烟比例较高,表现较优。总之,翻耕后起垄+深开沟处理（A2B2）有利于烟株生长,提高烟株的品质,为烟叶优质适产奠定了生物学基础。     

不同施肥处理对枳及柠檬容器苗生长的影响

研究9个不同施肥处理对枳及柠檬容器苗生长的影响。结果表明:不同施肥处理对枳容器苗的苗高、地径、分枝高度及嫁接后柠檬苗的发芽率、株高、茎粗、分枝数及生物量都存在显著差异;不同施肥处理对枳及柠檬容器苗综合表现最好的为T4(撒施柠檬专用肥1.6 g)处理,其次是T2(撒施尿素0.6 g)、T3(撒施柠檬专用肥0.8 g)处理,表现最差的是T8(浇施5%柠檬专用肥)和T7(浇施3%柠檬专用肥)处理。在一定施肥浓度范围内,施肥对嫁接后柠檬容器苗的生物量积累有明显促进作用。柠檬容器苗培育时建议采用在基质中撒施柠檬专用肥1.6 g。     

Motility of sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus spermatozoa in the post‐activation phase

The characterization of sperm motility patterns, particularly post‐activation changes, is the first step in setting up species‐specific protocols involving gamete management and embryo production, for both aquaculture and laboratory research purposes. This study is aimed at the characterization of the sperm motility pattern of the purple sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Semen samples were individually diluted in artificial sea water for sperm motility activation. They were then incubated at 18°C for up to 24 hr. Motility was evaluated on dilution, and 1 hr, 3 hr and 24 hr after activation, by computerized analyser. The semen fertilization capacity was also evaluated. Under our experimental conditions (dilution 1:1,000 in artificial sea water plus 0.05% BSA, 18°C, in the dark), P. lividus semen remained viable for up to 24 hr, as the total motile sperm and the fertilization percentages did not change significantly during the incubation time. In contrast, the mean curvilinear velocity and the subpopulation of rapid sperm (those having a curvilinear velocity > 100 µm/s) slightly but significantly decreased after 3 hr, thereafter remaining unchanged for up to 24 hr after activation. In conclusion, our results show that diluted P. lividus semen can be used for a longer period than that of most fish species, with no need for motility inhibition procedures, supporting its wider use in laboratory research. In addition, the development of artificial fertilization protocols for aquaculture production is simplified by long‐lasting sperm motility.     

长期施肥处理对双季晚稻叶绿素荧光特征及籽粒产量的影响

研究施肥模式对水稻叶绿素含量及荧光参数的调节作用,对提高水稻光能利用效率及籽粒产量具有重要意义。本研究以水稻品种赣929为试验材料,比较长期定位施磷钾肥(PK)、施氮磷钾肥(NPK)、等养分条件下70%氮磷钾肥配合施用30%有机肥(70F+30M)、50%氮磷钾肥配合施用50%有机肥(50F+50M)、30%氮磷钾肥配合施用70%有机肥(30F+70M)条件下水稻叶绿素荧光参数和产量变化特征。结果表明,水稻旗叶叶绿素含量从齐穗期到成熟期呈下降趋势,且表现为30F+70M50F+50M70F+30MNPKPK。水稻叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm随水稻生育期的推进呈降低趋势,其中PK处理Fv/Fm值最低,而施氮处理比不施氮处理Fv/Fm值增加了2.85%～4.18%。叶绿素荧光参数qL、ΦPSII在NPK处理中表现为齐穗期较高, 20 d之后显著降低;在50F+50M、30F+70M处理中表现为齐穗期较低, 20 d以后显著增加;在PK处理、70F+30M处理中一直处于较高水平。NPQ变化趋势与qL基本相反。ETR-PAR光响应曲线拟合结果表明, 70F+30M处理ETRmax、?和Ek值在齐穗期和20 d后值均最高。综合看来,等养分条件下配施30%有机肥具有最优的叶绿素荧光指标组合及籽粒产量;而配施超过50%有机肥由于前期热耗散增大使得用于光合作用的光能份额减少,而施用氮磷钾肥处理则由于后期的衰老使得光能利用效率下降。